LIU Yingqi
GUO Ming The Center for Infrastructure Research, Beijing Jiaotong University,
Beijing, P.R.China, 100044
Abstract:
With the development of China railway tends to
safety, high speed and mass, the existing training pattern of professional
technicians of High-speed Railway lags the times. The paper discussed the
actualities and challenge of professional technicians of High-speed Railway,
Based on the experiences of the pattern of professional technicians of
High-speed railway of Germany and Japan, The paper create a new pattern of
professional technicians of High-speed Railway.
Key words: High-speed Railway, Training pattern, Professional
technicians
With the development of China
railway tend to safety, high speed and mass, the railway technical facilities
have made a great progress. High speed railways have attained a higher speed by
using many new technologies such as AC drive, lightening of frame, high-speed
bogie, brake blending, microcomputer on-board, etc[1]' Because of
the difference in technology, operation and management between high-speed
railway and existing railway, the existing training pattern of professional
technicians of High-speed Railway lags the times. So, we must resolve the
problem that how to create a new training pattern of professional technicians
of High-speed Railway on the base of absorbing foreign training pattern of
professional technicians of High-speed Railway.
Because of the fast development of the High-speed Railway,
The researches of the pattern training of professional technicians of
High-speed Railway are little. Hu Benjie (2006)[2], Song Xiude(2006)[3]
and Wei Wenfang(2003)[4] do some research on the training of the
professional technicians. But what they do pays more attention on the general
introduction. The High-speed Railway uses the new technology, which is totally
different from the existing railway. The existing training pattern meets many
problems facing the High-way Railway development. We consulted the situation of
the existing training pattern and the other developed countries training
experiences to create a new training pattern of the professional technicians of
the High-speed Railway has a very important meaning for our railway progress[5,6].
By the end of 2005, there are over 1.7 million workers in
railway industry, skilled workers account for 80% of all workers; accounts for
62% of all skilled workers acquired professional certificate. The numbers of
junior workers account for 4.4% of all skilled workers; the numbers of
secondary workers achieve account for 28.7% of all skilled workers; the numbers
of senior workers account for 27.3% of all skilled workers; the numbers of
technicians account for 1.1% of all skilled workers; the numbers of senior
technicians account for 0.5% of all skilled workers.
The training pattern of professional technicians of
High-speed Railway is dispersed based on each railway bureau. The figure 1
represents the frame of railway system.
Many new technologies such as
IT, automatization technologies, processing technologies and material
technologies have made railway attain great progress in speed and loading.
3.1.1
Technologies of High-speed
Railway
High-speed railway is a
system integration of many high-techs and merges latest science-and-technology
developments, such as system integration, AC drive, brake blending, high-speed
bogie, high-strength and light materials and structure, drag and noise
reduction, airproof technology, modern control and analysis, etc. Take
high-speed train as an example, it consists of the distillate of mechanics,
electronics, control, communications, aerodynamics, environmental protection,
etc. and it makes integration use of new production of computer, information
technology, new materials, power and electric component, etc. By exploiting and
applying AC drive, lightening of frame, high-speed bogie, brake blending,
microcomputer on-board to it, after 40 years development, the length of
high-speed railway is 6763 km, they distributed in 10 nations and regions
including Japan, France etc. Now there are some other high-speed railway
projects in progress and some are going to be carried out. We think that the development
of high-speed railway has become a primary trend of future.
High-speed Railway is
characterized with speediness, safety, economy and large capacity in passenger
transport market. Especially, the high-speed inter-city trains, running with
high-density, as-frequent-as-buses and flexible marshalling, have the transport
capacity that can not be caught up by highway and airline.
3.1.2
IT are applied in
railway to increase management level
The developed countries use
IT to increase management level in railway. The modern IT and management means
are used to promote many innovations about management modes and management
means in railway industry. Many countries have realized Informationization and
automatization in many aspects such as HR management, ER management, OA
management and operation decision-making etc.
The
railway system of developed countries has already achieved the integration of
communication signal, electromechanical integration, integration of station and
section and trains’ unified command and control according to the integration of
computer and communication technologies system. It greatly improved the
transportation efficiency and safety reliability.
With the great development of
the railway, the high-speed railway will be 9800km in 2010. The gap between the
existing technicians and the required technicians is great. For example, The
need for the high-speed railway motor drivers will be 1000 persons in 2007. But
now we only have 500 persons passed the exam and have the credits.
At the same time, there is a
great gap between our fact need and existing numbers of technicians. At
present, the numbers of technicians acquired professional certificate account
for 30% of all technicians; the rates of developed countries are 30%-40%.
Especially, the numbers of technicians and senior technicians only account for
1% of all skilled workers, the numbers of senior technicians only account for
1% of all technicians, these two rates below the demand of 2% and 10% requested
by Labor and Social Security sectors. The amounts of senior technicians must
achieve 30000 demanded by railway department.
In addition, all the new
high-speed trains of high-speed railway consist of all kinds of advanced
technologies. Especially with high-speed motor train set introduced into and
used, it brings new concept of controlling and event handling. High-speed
railway motor train set, as a new train type, makes its driver to master
electronic technology and computer technology[7]. Traditional
traffic control needs considering more about its daily manipulation, but the
high-speed train driver cares more about
responses of unexpected incidents. In addition, the
maintenance mode of high-speed railway motor train set changes the conventional
professional model division. Motor train set needs a mix model contained motor
train, trailer, electrical and electronic, computer applying, automation, web
management and mechatronics. Because of the specificity and overall of the
motor train set construct, and its characteristics of not allowing to
arbitrarily divided and semi-trailed, the old professional model division has
to change into the mode of motor train and trailer centralized.
At present, most technicians
are junior. The inferior workers can’t fulfill the demand of increasing new
technologies.
The railway in our country is
in the significant history point of reform. What make the organization mode of
training talents with high-tech face new challenge in China is being used
constantly.
Our present training patterns
have been lagged the demand of senior technicians of high-speed railway, the
major problems are following:
3.3.1
there are no enough
funds to ensure the necessary training facilities.
Now, the drivers of
high-speed railway are trained by using stimulant high-speed railway. Train
driving simulator now mostly carries out the training of high-speed railway
operators in advanced countries. Through the training, train drivers can be
familiar with the train environment and all kinds of signals, master the
specification, understand operational processes, and mastery the methods of
handling fault. Especially for the high-speed train drivers, they need to be
trained their responses in any emergency situation repeat, but it is difficult
to create the conditions of this kind of training in the actual manipulation.
At the same time, high-speed train driving simulator can train drivers in
high-density and high-intensity, save electricity or fuel consumption and provide
safety protection. For example, the Germany driving simulator system cannot
only establish digital 3D graphics to simulate the real line, but also imitate
weather, signal and complex unexpected incidents well. However, these
equipments are very expensive. If following the existing training
organizational model, every railway bureau needs a high-speed railway-driving
simulator to make sure every railway bureau has its own high-speed train
drivers. It is impossible to our country, a developing country.
3.3.2
It’s difficult to
train many advanced skilled workers shortly.
In developed countries, there
are enough time to get training on new technologies and new equipments, in
Germany, it will take 2 years to get certificate for the high-speed railway
drivers, the training of drivers can be classed junior training, motorcycle
type training, complementarily training, periodic training and annual drive
monitor. With the development of modernization of railway facilities, more and
more new technologies and new equipments increase drastically. At present, if
we still employ the traditional training pattern, we will have no enough
advanced technicians to promote the development of high-speed railway.
3.3.3
The training effect
can’t be ensured.
Compared with the developed
countries which have many professional technicians who have grasped the
advanced technologies and equipments, the number and quality of our
professional technicians of High-speed Railway are insufficient, which causes
the advanced technologies and equipments are not used adequately. Based on this
HR, if we still persist in our traditional training patterns in which every
railway branch does the précis, book, training contents and
training methods, the training effect can’t be ensured.
3.3.4
The existing training
resources can’t be used efficiently.
Because each railway branch has deficient numbers of
schools and other educational resources, if each railway branch takes training
independently, we will not use our training resources efficiently.
In Germany, there are series of professional training
centers; employees from every department can get periodical study and
retraining. The biggest and most absorbing professional training unit is
training center of Germany Railway LTD. The training center has 6 branches in
Germany and more than one hundred training sites, the raining center is also
the first training institute which has qualification authentication, which has
4 professional training sectors including more than 20 occupations and more
than 2000 training locations. The training of railway drivers in Germany can be
classed junior training, training for different types of trains, complementarily
training, periodic training and annual drive monitor.
The professional training of train driers in railway
stations and depots spends about seven and a half month. It is an all-around
training, which develops drivers’ abilities such as professional skills,
methods of handling things, coordinating social relations, personality
expression and executive capacity. The regular training of train drivers
contains 12 hours major learning and 6 hours practical exercises for everybody
in one year, and the training for driving simulation.
4.2
Japan
The Japanese railway enterprises build sound research rule
and research center by using different training methods and make staff
dispatched in different research system. For example, in JR Eastern Japan, the
major method is made of research combined with basic training.
This
system includes the post-service education, off-job training, correspondence
course and learning assignments four parts. In addition, a comprehensive
research center has been devoted to the staff training in JR East Railway
Company, which covers 50.025 hectares, 58868.03 m2 area, with 37
classrooms, 558students hostels, 23 specialized laboratories and a total of 120
staff, training 23,000 people annually for the JR East Railway Company. 478m
internship rail lines and 4 block trains are dedicated for the training of
locomotive drivers. Moreover, the research center costs more than 300 million
yen with a Shinkanse high-speed locomotive simulator, specifically for driving
simulation training of high-speed locomotive drivers.
The training of professional
technicians of Railway is one of the key factors which can resolve the
development methods of railway industry, the professional technicians who have
grasped advanced technologies and equipments will decide that we can get
competitive advantage.
Our situation of railway
development and professional technicians is different from that in foreign.
First, railway has been in countries for longer time, these countries own
technologies and equipments and have perfect training persons, training text
and training equipments. Compared with their foreign counter partner, domestic
technicians accept littler education. In the same time, most of railway technologies
and equipments are transferred from foreign developed countries; the phenomena
lead to a lack of training text. We must compile our training text in the
context of our practice and search a new method to training.
5.1
The principle of
establishing the training pattern of professional technicians of Railway
5.1.1
The standardization of
training
Limited to the time, funds
and HR etc. we must consider the standardization of training. With the
development of high-speed railway, the need of professional technicians is
enormous, in order to increase the effect of training, we should make the
training facilities, training texts, training contents and training process
standard. We can train some professional technicians and let them to retrain
the others.
5.1.2
The efficiently
utilization of training resources
We should integrate HR,
materials, funds and existing educational resources and build a pool of
training experts all around countries. The existing educational resources must
be centralized so as to increase training quality.
5.1.3
The efficiency and
applicability of training processes.
The integrated processes can
use resources efficiently, in order to fulfill the demand for professional
technicians in a given period; we must make a detailed plan to foster
professional technicians.
5.2
The training pattern
of professional technicians of Railway.
According to the above
principles, the training pattern of professional technicians of Railway should
be following:
5.2.1
The training system of
professional technicians of High-speed Railway
The training system should include the Railway department
training center, railway bureau regional training center and station-training
base.
The Railway department training center should service the
whole railway system and layout the plan of training professional technicians
and foster the experts of high-speed railway management, technicians and
operators.
The Railway bureau regional training center should answer
for the plan, construction and management and integrate existing resources and
build training base. We have seven Railway bureau regional training centers.
The station should answer for the
training of skilled worker and teach the basic skill.
The training pattern of professional technicians of
High-speed Railway based on the three-hierarchy construction is following:
|
Figure 2 The training pattern of
professional technicians of High-speed Railway
|
5.2.2
The procedure of operation
of training pattern of professional technicians of High-speed Railway The
procedure of operation of training pattern of professional technicians of
High-speed Railway is following: the railway department answers for the
training plan of whole system; the training information are collected by
regional training centers and transferred to instructive committee who give
advice to The railway department training center.
|
Figure 3 The procedure of operation
|
The High-speed Railway will be the
direction of the development of China Railway. The training of professional
technicians of Railway is one of the key factors which can resolve the
development methods of railway industry, the professional technicians who have
grasped advanced technologies and equipments will decide that we can get
competitive advantage. The High-speed railways have attained a higher speed by
using many new technologies, which are different from the existing
technologies. As the result of the changes, the existing training pattern of
professional technicians of High-speed Railway faced many new challenges such
as the limitation of the time and funds, the experiences of training
equipments.
After researching the experiences of training pattern of
professional technicians of High-speed railway of Germany and Japan, We draw
the conclusion that the change of the pattern of the training will be the most
effective way to solve the problem. Based on the principle of establishing the
training pattern of professional technicians of Railway, We think the new
training pattern of professional technicians of Railway should include the
Railway department training center, railway bureau regional training center and
station-training base. And we also give the procedure of operation of the new
training pattern of professional technicians of High-speed Railway. Although
there leave lots of things for the research of the new pattern, The new pattern
was proved to be one of the effective way to solve the challenges facing by the
existing pattern in the new motor drivers’ training recently.
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[3]
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[4]
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Social journal, 2005.01:67 68
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